郊野公园发展现状与对策

为探讨促进郊野公园合理的可持续发展过程中的对策,阐述了对国内外郊野公园历史背景与发展概况,结合北京近年来郊野公园发展现状,提出了郊野公园在阶段性建设过程中存在的一些问题,并明确了设计原则与要点。     

Saving wild tigers: A case study in biodiversity loss and challenges to be met for recovery beyond 2010

Wild tigers are being annihilated. Tiger range countries and their partners met at the 1st Asian Ministerial Conference on Tiger Conservation in January 2010 to mandate the creation of the Global Tiger Recovery Program to double the number of tigers by 2022. Only 3200–3600 wild adult tigers remain, approximately half of the population estimated a decade ago. Tigers now live in only 13 countries, all of which are experiencing severe environmental challenges and degradation from the effects of human population growth, brisk economic expansion, rapid urbanization, massive infrastructure development and climate change. The overarching challenge of tiger conservation, and the conservation of biodiversity generally, is that there is insufficient demand for the survival of wild tigers living in natural landscapes. This allows the criminal activities of poaching wild tigers and their prey and trafficking in tiger derivatives to flourish and tiger landscapes to be diminished. The Global Tiger Recovery Program will support scaling up of practices already proven effective in one or more tiger range countries that need wider policy support, usually resources, and new transnational actions that enhance the effectiveness of individual country actions. The program is built on robust National Tiger Recovery Priorities that are grouped into themes: (i) strengthening policies that protect tigers; (ii) protecting tiger conservation landscapes; (iii) scientific management and monitoring; (iv) engaging communities; (v) cooperative management of international tiger landscapes; (vi) eliminating transnational illegal wildlife trade; (vii) persuading people to stop consuming tiger; (viii) enhancing professional capacity of policy-makers and practitioners; and (ix) developing sustainable, long-term financing mechanisms for tiger and biodiversity conservation.     

惠东拟囊腔吸虫种群动态研究

鲻体内的惠东拟囊腔吸虫（Ｓａｃｃｏｃｏｅｄｉｏｉｄｅｓ ｈｕｉｄｏｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ Ｌｕｅ，１９９３）随着宿主体长的生长，其感染强度，平均密度有逐渐增加的趋势，而感染率则呈不规划的波动；其感染率、感染强度和平均密度在不同月份亦呈不稳定变化；吸虫在宿主体内的频率分布表明，大量的吸虫寄生于少数宿主中，而多数宿主感染少量的吸虫；吸虫在不同体长组的分布类型为聚集分布，且聚集强度随种群密度的增加而增大。     

福建松溪鱼类群落的多样性特征

根据2007-2008年松溪8个采样站位鱼类资源的调查资料,分析了松溪鱼类种类组成、优势种、常见种、生态类型以及鱼类多样性等群落结构特点。调查共采集鱼类63种,隶属5目、17科、49属;其中包括外来物种加州鲈（Micropterus salmoides）和罗非鱼（Tilapia sp.）、福建省保护动物鳗尾鱼央（Liobagrus anguillicauda）、福建省特有种纵纹缨口鳅（Crossostoma stigmata）和拟腹吸鳅（Pseudogastromyzon fasciatus）。采用Pin     

基于公海换水的压载水微生物多样性分析

利用高通量测序技术分析了三艘公海交换压载水、一艘近岸交换压载水的远洋船舶微生物的群落组成,共检测出27门、61纲、138目、249科、481属、836种;黄海远岸的压载水样检测到的细菌种类最多,达到564种;东海远岸的压载水样细菌种类最少,只有406种。主要优势类群为变形菌门(Proteobacteria),拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),其中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)占主导地位。假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas)为γ-变形菌纲中绝对优势属,分布于各海域压载水样中,同温度和营养盐有一定的正相关性,同盐度、p H有较强的负相关性;蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)和浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)是南海远岸交换的压载水样中检测出的优势门类,远高于其它海域压载水样,其所对应的原绿球藻属和浮霉状菌属同环境因子溶解氧(DO)有显著的正相关性,与温度、营养盐呈负相关性;Salinimicrobium是黄海远岸压载水样品独有优势属,与p H和溶解氧呈正相关性,与营养盐呈负相关性;不同海域海洋微生物及其海洋环境对压载水微生物的多样性起决定作用,压载舱独特的环境对压载水微生物有一定的选择作用。依据IMO准则结合本文研究,在公海交换压载水对压载水微生物群落组成结构有很大的影响,且对海洋环境的保护,防止生物入侵和致病菌传播具有重要的作用。     

Glochidial infestation of fish by the endangered thick‐shelled river mussel Unio crassus

相似文献   

施用蝗虫微孢子对草原地上部分天敌群落多样性的影响

为明确蝗虫微孢子对蝗虫的持续控制,2015年在青海省开展了蝗虫微孢子防治草原蝗虫的试验和连续跟踪调查。结果表明,施用蝗虫微孢子前后温性和高寒草原蝗区天敌种类无明显变化,但部分天敌类群所占比例发生了变化,施用蝗虫微孢子2、3、4周后,温性草原中寄生蝇所占比例分别显著增加了330.6%、752.8%、752.8%,高寒草原中寄生蝇所占比例分别显著增加了108.1%、309.9%、310.8%,温性草原中芫菁所占比例分别显著下降了43.5%、45.5%、75.5%,高寒草原中芫菁所占比例分别显著下降了54.2%、77.2%、76.3%。施用蝗虫微孢子2、3和4周后,温性草原的Shannon指数比防治前分别显著增加了5.7%、7.0%、3.8%,Pielou指数比防治前分别显著增加了6.2%、6.2%、3.7%,Simpson指数比防治前分别显著增加了5.4%、6.8%、4.1%;施用蝗虫微孢子2周后,高寒草原的Shannon指数、Pielou指数和Simpson指数比防治前分别显著升高了4.8%、5.4%、3.8%,施用3周后,3个天敌群落多样性指数比防治前分别增加了1.8%、1.3%、2.2%,但Shannon指数和Simpson指数与防治前无显著差异,而Pielou指数比防治前显著增加,施用4周后,3个指数均与防治前无显著差异。施用蝗虫微孢子2、3和4周后,天敌群落布雷柯蒂斯距离与防治前差异显著,而重复样区间的布雷柯蒂斯距离在整个调查期无显著变化。表明蝗虫微孢子施用后对不同生态类型草原天敌群落多样性有一定的保护作用。     

The decline of fisheries on the Madeira River,Brazil: The high cost of the hydroelectric dams in the Amazon Basin

Despite being considered beneficial by providing a clean and renewable source of energy, the construction of hydroelectric dams has extremely negative implications for Amazonian fisheries. This study investigated the impacts of the Santo Antônio and Jirau hydroelectric dams on the fishery stocks of the Madeira River. This investigation was based on fish catch data from the Z‐31 fishing colony, located in the municipality of Humaitá, in Amazonas State, Northern Brazil. Data were collected daily and provided information on the date of return from each trip, the fish species targeted, and the total catch (kg) between January 2002 and September 2017. The results indicated reductions of 39% in the mean annual catch and 34% in the mean monthly catches. These results highlight the high price paid by local fish communities for the development of hydroelectric power in the Amazon basin.     

Population decline in the endemic Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Kapisillit River,Greenland

Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., is found throughout the North Atlantic, with thousands of rivers having spawning populations. In Greenland, spawning is limited to one river in West Greenland, the Kapisillit River (64?N), and the salmon are limited to the lower few kilometres of the system. Using mark–recapture, it was estimated the parr population was 5,953 individuals, and that the population size has declined by 52% since 1959. In spite of this decline, parr density remains high, being between 0.26 and 0.62 parr/m². Using a historical age‐length key, an estimated minimum of 635 smolt will have descended to the sea in 2017. These will be caught in a fishery currently subject to no regulatory measures and fishing remains the most likely driver of the population decline. The genetically distinct population is endemic to Greenland, and managers should implement measures to conserve this genetic integrity and local biodiversity.